Module PHYS4261 : FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS 4B

Department: Physics

PHYS4261 : FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS 4B

Prerequisites

• Foundations of Physics 3A (PHYS3621) AND (Foundations of Physics 2B (PHYS2591) OR Foundations of Physics 3C (PHYS3671)) .

Corequisites

• Foundations of Physics 4A (PHYS4251) if Foundations of Physics 3A (PHYS3621) was not taken in Year 3.

Excluded Combination of Modules

• Foundations of Physics 3B (PHYS3631).

Aims

• This module is designed primarily for students studying Department of Physics or Natural Sciences degree programmes.
• It is designed partly for the benefit of students taking certain MSci Joint Honours degrees and partly for any physics students who undertook their third year abroad and could not match the corresponding learning outcomes at the host institution.
• It builds on the Level 2 modules Foundations of Physics 2A (PHYS2581), Foundations of Physics 2B (PHYS2591) and Mathematical Methods in Physics (PHYS2611) by providing courses on Statistical Physics and Condensed Matter Physics.
• It develops skills in researching a topic at an advanced level and in synthesising and describing advanced concepts in a cogent written form.

Content

• The syllabus contains:
• Statistical Physics: Introduction and basic ideas:- macro and microstates, distributions; distinguishable particles, thermal equilibrium, temperature, the Boltzmann distribution, partition functions, examples of Boltzmann statistics: spin-1/2 solid and localized harmonic oscillators; Gases: the density of states: fitting waves into boxes, the distributions, fermions and bosons, counting particles, microstates and statistical weights; Maxwell-Boltzmann gases: distribution of speeds, connection to classical thermodynamics; diatomic gases: Energy contributions, heat capacity of a diatomic gas, hydrogen; Fermi-Dirac gases: properties, application to metals and helium-3; Bose-Einstein gases: properties, application to helium-4, phoney bosons; entropy and disorder, vacancies in solids; phase transitions: types, ferromagnetism of a spin-1/2 solid, real ferromagnetic materials, order-disorder transformations in alloys; statics or dynamics? ensembles, chemical thermodynamics: revisiting chemical potential, the grand canonical ensemble, ideal and mixed gases; dealing with interactions: electrons in metals, liquid helium 3 and 4, real imperfect gases; statistics under extreme conditions: superfluid states in Fermi-Dirac systems, statics in astrophysical systems.
• Condensed Matter Physics: Review of the effect of a periodic potential, energy gap. Fermi surfaces, reduced and extended zone schemes; semiconductor crystals: crystal structures, band gaps, equations of motion, intrinsic carrier concentration, impurity conductivity; Fermi surfaces and metals: electron and hole orbits, energy bands, De Haas-van Alpen effect; superconductivity: experimental and theoretical survey, high temperature superconductors; diamagnetism and paramagnetism: Langevin equation; quantum theory of paramagnetism, Hund’s rules, crystal field splitting, paramagnetism of conduction electrons; ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism: Curie point, exchange integral, magnons, antiferromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility, magnetic domains; magnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, hyperfine splitting, electron paramagnetic resonance; plasmons, polaritons, and polarons: dielectric function, electrostatic screening, electron–electron and electron–phonon interactions; dielectrics and ferroelectrics: macroscopic and local electric fields, dielectric constant and polarizilbility, structural phase transitions.

Learning Outcomes

• Having studied this module, students will understand the use of statistical concepts such as temperature and entropy and models to describe systems with a large number of weakly interacting particles.
• They will build on their knowledge of nearly-free electron theory, and other concepts gained at Level 2, to explain the properties of semiconductors, superconductors, dielectric and magnetic materials.
• They will understand the common theoretical treatment of quasiparticles and the experimental techniques used to understand the behaviour of materials.

• In addition to the acquisition of subject knowledge, students will be able to apply the principles of physics to the solution of complex problems.
• They will know how to produce a well-structured solution, with clearly-explained reasoning and appropriate presentation.

• Students will have developed skills in researching a topic at an advanced level and will be able to synthesise and describe advanced concepts in a cogent written form.

Modes of Teaching, Learning and Assessment and how these contribute to the learning outcomes of the module

• Teaching will be by lectures and example classes.
• The lectures provide the means to give a concise, focused presentation of the subject matter of the module. The lecture material will be defined by, and explicitly linked to, the contents of the recommended textbooks for the module, thus making clear where students can begin private study. When appropriate, the lectures will also be supported by the distribution of written material, or by information and relevant links on DUO.
• Regular problem exercises and example classes will give students the chance to develop their theoretical understanding and problem solving skills.
• Students will be able to obtain further help in their studies by approaching their lecturers, either after lectures or at other mutually convenient times.
• Lecturers will provide a list of advanced topics related to the module content. Students will be required to research one of these topics in depth and to answer an essay-style examination question on it. Some guidance on the research will be provided by the lecturer.
• Student performance will be summatively assessed through an examination, problem exercises and an open-book conceptual test. The examination and problem exercises will provide the means for students to demonstrate the acquisition of subject knowledge and the development of their problem-solving skills. The open-book conceptual test will provide the means for students to demonstrate skills in researching a topic at an advanced level and describing advanced concepts in a cogent written form.
• The problem exercises and example classes provide opportunities for feedback, for students to gauge their progress and for staff to monitor progress throughout the duration of the module.

Teaching Methods and Learning Hours

Summative Assessment

Formative Assessment:

Examples classes and problems solved therein.

■ Attendance at all activities marked with this symbol will be monitored. Students who fail to attend these activities, or to complete the summative or formative assessment specified above, will be subject to the procedures defined in the University's General Regulation V, and may be required to leave the University