Module GEOL2351: Lithospheric Structure and Imaging

Department: Earth Sciences

GEOL2351: Lithospheric Structure and Imaging

Prerequisites

• GEOL1101 Understanding Earth Sciences AND
• GEOL1051 Field Studies

Corequisites

• None

Excluded Combination of Modules

• None

Aims

• The aim of this module is to develop an integrated understanding of the structure, composition, and evolution of the lithosphere by combining geological and geophysical perspectives. Students will learn how to interpret lithospheric architecture, deformation, and tectonic processes using field observations, analytical techniques, and subsurface imaging methods.

Content

• This module will explore the structure, composition, and deformation behaviour of the Earth’s lithosphere through an integrated approach combining structural geology, tectonics, observations and imaging. Students will develop an understanding of the processes that shape the lithosphere and the methods used to observe and interpret its structure from both surface and subsurface perspectives.
• Topics covered may include, but are not limited to:
• • the fundamental concepts of stress and strain,
• • analysis techniques used to quantify deformation,
• • crustal and lithospheric deformation and rheology,
• • rock mechanics, fracture and fault systems,
• • folds and viscous flow,
• • fluids and deformation processes,
• • rheology, heat flow, and strength,
• • methods for measuring and analysing deformation structures in the field,
• • remote sensing methods for imaging structure and Earth processes.
• Plate tectonics theory was developed to understand the dynamic behaviour of the lithosphere, primarily within tectonic regimes and at plate boundaries.
• Geophysical tools inform our plate tectonics understanding as they provide the subsurface perspective, allowing observations made the surface to be extended to depth.
• In addition to surface structural observations, students will be introduced to seismic reflection techniques for imaging crustal and lithospheric structure; gravity and magnetic surveys for mapping subsurface density and compositional variations; and heat flow and thermal modelling approaches for understanding lithospheric energy balance.
• Throughout the module, emphasis will be placed on the integration of geological and geophysical data for interpreting lithospheric architecture and evolution. Case studies from a range of tectonic settings including, but not exclusively limited to, rift zones, orogenic belts, and subduction margins, will be used to illustrate the application of these methods to real-world problems in Earth structure and dynamics.

Learning Outcomes

• On successful completion of this module, students will be able to:
• Describe the mechanical and thermal structure of the lithosphere and the factors controlling its strength, behaviour and modes of deformation.
• Interpret major tectonic regimes using both geological and geophysical evidence.
• Integrate geological and geophysical datasets to construct coherent models of lithospheric architecture and evolution.
• Critically assess case studies that illustrate lithospheric imaging and tectonic interpretation across diverse geodynamic environments.
• Students will acquire knowledge and understanding of the mechanical, thermal, and compositional structure of the lithosphere and the processes that govern its deformation and evolution.
• They will gain familiarity with key geophysical methods used to image and interpret subsurface structures, and learn how to integrate these with geological and tectonic observations.
• They will gain the conceptual and analytical foundation needed for advanced study or research in structural geology, tectonics, and solid Earth geophysics.

• By the end of the module students will be able to numerically analyse and interpret Earth Science data.
• Will be able to build conceptual models and cross-sectional views of the Earth’s subsurface and its processes.
• Will be able to present Earth Sciences data into a format to convey an interpretation to others.
• Will be able to integrate and jointly analyse different types of Earth Sciences data from different sources.
• Will be able to apply quantitative and analytical methods to geological and geophysical data.
• Will be able to integrate field observations with subsurface images.
• Will be able to problem-solve and synthesise across multiple Earth science disciplines.
• Will be able to undertake effective written and visual communication of structural and geophysical interpretations.

• Will be able to apply quantitative and analytical methods to data.
• Will be able to critically evaluate scientific data and the interpretation of models.
• Will be able to problem-solve and synthesise information.
• Will be able to effectively write and visually communicate.
• Will be able to learn independently, team work, and scientifically reason relevant to careers and research.

Modes of Teaching, Learning and Assessment and how these contribute to the learning outcomes of the module

• Teaching will be delivered through in-person practical sessions, that will combine lecture-like information delivery and problem-solving activities, both supported by independent study.
• Activities may include, but not be limited to, the analysis of geological structures, interpretation of geophysical datasets, and integration of multi-disciplinary data. Activities will also be aimed at re-enforcing key concepts introduced during lecture-like components delivered during the practical sessions.
• Content will include research-led, research-based and research-oriented material, with relevant examples from tectonic settings at plate boundaries around the world.
• Summative assessment is 100% based on a 2-hour unseen written examination.

Teaching Methods and Learning Hours

Summative Assessment

Formative Assessment:

Formative assessment will be provided during in-person sessions including feedback, model problem solutions and revision sessions. These formative activities will have document equivalents posted on Ultra to complement, consolidate and enhance in-person learning.

■ Students who do not attend monitored activities shown under Teaching Methods and Learning Hours, or who fail to complete the summative or formative assessment(s) specified above, may be subject to the Academic Progress procedures defined in the University's General Regulation V, and may be required to leave the University.